Attitudes Their Structure, Function and Consequences

The articles reprinted in this collection represent noteworthy developments in the field??'s understanding of attitudes. Together, the readings provide a representative and broad coverage of the literature, illustrating well what the field has come to learn about the structure, function, and consequences of attitudes.

The study of likes and dislikes - what social psychologists refer to as "attitudes" - has been a central focus of the field for decades. What are attitudes? How can we study and measure them scientifically? How are they formed and changed? Of what functional value, if any, are they? How do they come to influence our attention, perception, judgments, and behavior? These are among the questions that have spurred social psychological research on attitudes, and they are among the issues addressed in this volume. The articles reprinted in this collection represent noteworthy developments in the field's understanding of attitudes. Together, the readings provide a representative and broad coverage of the literature, illustrating well what the field has come to learn about the structure, function, and consequences of attitudes.

Preface Richard E. Petty and Russell H. Fazio SECTION (A) Conceptualizing Attitudes READING 1. Attitudes: A New Look at an Old Concept Mark P. Zannaand John K. Rempel READING 2. On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes Russell H. Fazio, David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes SECTION (B) Measurement of Attitudes READING 3. Attitudes Can Be Measured L. L. Thurstone READING 4. Self-Reports: How the Questions Shape the Answers Norbert Schwarz READING 5. Electromyographic Activity over Facial Muscle Regions Can Differentiate the Valence and Intensity of Affective Reactions John T. Cacioppo, Richard E. Petty, Mary E. Losch, and Hai Sook Kim READING 6. Variability in Automatic Activation as an Unobtrusive Measure of Racial Attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline? Russell H. Fazio, Joni R. Jackson, Bridget C. Dunton, and Carol J. Williams READING 7. Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test Anthony G. Greenwald, Debbie E. McGhee, and Jordan L.K. Schwartz SECTION (C) Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Bases of Attitudes READING 8. An Investigation of the Relationship between Beliefs about an Object and the Attitude toward that Object Martin J. Fishbein READING 9. Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences Robert B. Zajonc READING 10. Affective-Cognitive Consistency and the Effect of Salient Behavioral Information on the Self-Perception of Attitudes Shelly Chaiken and Mark W. Baldwin READING 11. Assessing the Structure of Prejudicial Attitudes: The Case of Attitudes toward Homosexuals Geoffrey Haddock, Mark P. Zanna, and Victoria M. Esses READING 12. Thinking and Caring about Cognitive Inconsistency: When and for Whom Does Attitudinal Ambivalence Feel Uncomfortable? Ian R. Newby-Clark, Ian McGregor, and Mark P. Zanna PART (D) Functions of Attitudes READING 13. The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes Daniel Katz READING 14. Appeals to Image and Claims about Quality: Understanding the Psychology of Advertising Mark Snyder and Kenneth G. DeBono READING 15. Matching Versus Mismatching Attitude Functions: Implications for Scrutiny of Persuasive Messages Richard E. Petty and Duane T. Wegener READING 16. Prejudice as Self-Image Maintenance: Affirming the Self through Derogating Others Steven Fein and Steven J. Spencer READING 17. On the Functional Value of Attitudes: The Influence of Accessible Attitudes upon the Ease and Quality of Decision Making Russell H. Fazio, Jim Blascovich, and Denise M. Driscoll READING 18. Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions Timothy D. Wilson and Jonathan W. Schooler SECTION (E) Impact on Perception and Judgment READING 19. They Saw a Game: A Case Study Albert H. Hastorf and Hadley Cantril READING 20. Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence Charles G. Gord, Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper READING 21. The Effect of Attitude on the Recall of Personal Histories Michael Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth J.O. Gletcher READING 22. On the Orienting Value of Attitudes: Attitude Accessibility as a Determinant of an Object’s Attraction of Visual Attention David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen and Russell H. Fazio READING 23. Selective Exposure: Voter Information Preferences and the Watergate Affair Paul D. Sweeney and Kathy L. Gruber SECTION (F) Impact on Behavior READING 24. Attitudes versus Actions Richard T. LaPiere READING 25. Attitude Prototypes as Determinants of Attitude-Behavior Consistency Charles G. Lord, Mark R. Lepper, and Diane Mackie READING 26. Attitudinal and Normative Variables as Predictors of Specific Behaviors Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein READING 27. Attitude Accessibility as a Moderator of the Attitude-Perception and Attitude-Behavior Relations: An Investigation of the 1984 Presidential Election Russell H. Fazio and Carol J. Williams

Russell H. Fazio received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1978. He is currently the Harold E. Burtt Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University. Fazio’s program of research focuses upon attitudes, their formation, accessibility from memory, functional value, and the processes by which they influence attention, judgment, and behavior. He served as editor of the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology from 1999 to 2003. He has received numerous honors, including the APA Early Career Award (1983) and the Thomas M. Ostrom Award for Outstanding Contributions to Social Cognition (2006). Richard E. Petty received his B.A. (with high distinction) from the University of Virginia in 1973, and his Ph.D. in social psychology from Ohio State University in 1977.He is currently Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University. Petty’s work focuses on attitudes, persuasion, and social cognition. He is former editor of the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and author ofseven books and over 200 journal articles and chapters. He has received various honors including the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (2001) and the Society for Consumer Psychology (2000).