Alternative Transportation Fuels Utilisation in Combustion Engines

A continuous rise in the consumption of gasoline, diesel, and other petroleum-based fuels will eventually deplete reserves and deteriorate the environment, Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines explores the feasibility of using alternative fuels that could pave the way for the sustained operation of the transport sector. It assesses the potential avenues for using different alternative fuels in the transport sector, highlights several types of transport and its effect on the environment, and discusses the conventional and alternative fuels for land transport. • Provides experimental investigations relating to the utilization of alternative fuels in the internal combustion engines • Describes the alternative powered vehicles and potential alternative fuels for rail, marine, and aviation applications • Highlights the potential global warming and climate change on account of utilizing the conventional and alternative fuels The book starts off with coverage of the fuels for the land transport, aviation sector and reports on the experimental investigations relating to the utilisation of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. It delivers an in-depth analysis of engine combustion, then focuses on fuel quality characterization and a modeling of alternative-fuelled engines, and describes alternative-powered vehicles. Based on the authors’ experience at laboratories around the globe, Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines presents potential alternative fuels for rail, marine, and aviation applications. It examines potential global warming and climate change that could occur from the use of conventional and alternative fuels. It provides technical guidance on the future set up of refineries and automotive industries.

Introduction: Land, Sea and Air Transportation Transportation Modes of Different Transportation Indigenous Production Levels of Crude Oil from Different Countries Import and Export Levels in Different Countries Refining Capacities of Petrol and Diesel-Worldwide Energy Consumption: World View Transportation Sector: Current Scenario: Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Transport Sector GHG Emissions from the Transportation Sector Environmental Concerns Environmental Standards Sustainability Issues References Conventional Fuels for Land Transportation Conventional Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines/Vehicles Production of Gasoline/Diesel Fuels: Refining Process to Produce Gasoline/Diesel Conventional Fuels for a Spark Ignition Engine Conventional Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines/Vehicles Conclusions Problems Unsolved Problems References Alternative Fuels for Land Transportation Introduction Alternative Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines Alternative Fuels for a Compression Ignition Engine Conclusion References Aviation Fuels Introduction Fuel Quality Requirements of Aircraft Engines (Aircrafts and Helicopters) Aviation Gasoline Fuel Aviation Kerosene Compressed Natural Gas Liquefied Natural Gas Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Carbon-Free Fuel: Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen Carbon-Neutral and Sustainable Fuel Production Technology of Aviation Fuel Volume and Weight of Aviation Fuel for Smaller and Large-Sized Aircraft Emission and Effects by Aviation Fuel Conclusion References Utilisation of Alternative Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines/Vehicles Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines Conclusion Problems Unsolved Problems References Fuel Quality Characterization for Suitability of Internal Combustion Engines General Introduction Fuel Quality Study Measurement of Fuel Properties Emission Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines Chassis Dynamometer Study Control Volume Sampling Digas Analyzer CLD Analyzer Biodiesel Reactor Air Flow Meter Gas Mass Flow Meter Test Bench Experimental Study Field Trial Study Modelling of Alternative Fuelled Internal Combustion Engine Introduction Internal Combustion Engine Processes Governing Equations for IC Engines CI Engine Modelling for Alternative Fuels Combustion in SI Engine Problems Unsolved problems Nomenclature Greek Letters References Alternative Powered Vehicles General Introduction Bi Fuel Vehicle Dual Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicles References Alternative Fuels for Rail Transportation Introduction Types of Locomotives Alternative Locomotives References Alternative Fuels for Marine Transportation Introduction to Marine Fuels Alternative Fuel for Marine Vehicles Engine/Vehicle Technology After-Treatment Technology for an Emission Reduction Selective Catalyst Reduction References Alternative Fuels for Aviation (Airbus and Helicopter) Introduction Importance of Air Mode Transportation Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Aero-Engines Progress in the Use of Alternative Fuels for the Aviation Sector References Global Warming and Climate Change Introduction Mechanism of Global Warming Control Avenues for GHG Emissions The Proposed GHG Emission Standards Problems Unsolved Problems References Index

M.K. Gajendra Babu is a senior professor at RMK Engineering College. He has worked in the field of computer simulation, alternative fuels, instrumentation, and emission controls for internal combustion engines for the past 44 years. He has published about 250 research papers for journals and conferences. He is a Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International. He has been awarded the Indian Automobile Engineer of the Year award, the Indian Society of Technical Education’s Anna University Outstanding Academic Award, the Indian Society of Environment’s honorary fellowships from A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, and the SAE India Foundation’s Automotive Education Award. K.A. Subramanian is an associate professor in the Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi. He is a former scientist in the Indian Institute of Petroleum. Dr. Subramanian’s research area includes utilisation of alternative fuels (biodiesel, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, etc.) in internal combustion engines, the development of the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) concept engine, greenhouse control in transport engines, sustainable power generation using a hybrid energy system, computer simulation, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). He has completed several sponsored R&D projects and published many research papers for journals and conferences. He was nominated to participate in the project Study Mission on Energy Efficiency, sponsored by the Asian Productivity Organization, Japan in 2009.