Some Basics and Describing DataPopulation, Samples and VariablesTypes of VariablesTabulating and Graphing data: Frequency Distributions, Histograms and DotplotsSummarizing Data: Mean, Variance and RangeComparing Data from Different Groups Using Summary Statistics and BoxplotsRelationship between Two Variables, Scatterplots and Correlation CoefficientsTypes of StudiesSummarySuggested ReadingProbabilityProbabilityOdds and Odds RatiosPermutations and CombinationsConditional Probabilities and Bayes’ TheoremRandom Variables, Probability Distributions and Probability Density FunctionsExpected Value and MomentsMoment-Generating FunctionSummarySuggested ReadingEstimationPoint EstimationSampling Distribution of the Mean and the Central Limit TheoremEstimation by the Method of MomentsEstimation by Maximum LikelihoodChoosing Between EstimatorsSampling Distributions: Student’s t, Chi-Square and Fisher’s FInterval Estimation, Confidence IntervalsSummarySuggested ReadingInferenceInference and HypothesesSignificance Tests, Type I and Type II Errors, Power and the z-TestPower and Sample SizeStudent’s t-TestsThe Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit TestNonparametric TestsTesting the Population Correlation CoefficientTests on Categorical VariablesThe BootstrapSignificance Tests and Confidence IntervalsFrequentist and Bayesian InferenceSummarySuggested ReadingAnalysis of Variance ModelsOne-Way Analysis of VarianceFactorial Analysis of VarianceMultiple Comparisons, a priori and post hoc ComparisonsNonparametric Analysis of VarianceSummarySuggested ReadingLinear Regression ModelsSimple Linear RegressionMultiple Linear RegressionSelecting a Parsimonious ModelRegression diagnosticsAnalysis of variance as regressionSummarySuggested readingLogistic Regression and the Generalized Linear ModelOdds and odds ratiosLogistic regressionGeneralized linear modelVariance function and overdispersionDiagnostics for GLMsSummarySuggested readingSurvival AnalysisSurvival data and censored observationsSurvivor function, log-rank test and hazard functionProportional hazards and Cox regressionDiagnostics for Cox regressionSummarySuggested readingLongitudinal Data and Their AnalysisLongitudinal data and some graphicsSummary measure analysisLinear mixed effects modelsMissing data in longitudinal studiesSummarySuggested ReadingMultivariate Data and Their AnalysisMultivariate dataMean vectors, variances, covariance and correlation matricesTwo multivariate distributions: The multinomial distribution and the multivariate normal distributionThe Wishart distributionPrincipal Components AnalysisSummarySuggested reading