INTRODUCTION"If You Don't Have Much Time"Things to Keep in MindSome Reasons to be CautiousTo Others, We Have a Peculiar Culture, Too!How Much Cross-Cultural Understanding Is Enough?A Checklist of Our Own Tolerances for DifferencesBe Skeptical!Basics - What? Why? How? - Benefits, and SourcesSeven Basic QuestionsWhat are Some of the Benefits for Police?What Cross-Cultural Data Cannot Do: Guidelines, Limitations, and PackagingSources, Methods, Applications: Academic and Law EnforcementWhy Some Asians and Asian-Americans may not Like this BookCulture, Police, and Asian CrimeThe Cross-Cultural Context of Asian Crime in AmericaWhat Is Culture?How Are Cultural Traits Conceived and Used?Cross-Cultural Competency Is Not Just Language CompetencyPolice as Cross-Cultural LearnersPolice as Potential Cross-Cultural SpecialistsCULTURAL "DO'S AND DON'TS"Public RelationshipsAsian Images of PoliceTo Help Asians Get a Better Image of CopsAsian Families Come FirstCheck with the AmahKnow and Be KnownFunerals and WeddingsUniform vs. PlainclothesRespect and Social LevelsRole PlayingBody LanguageHow Not To SitYakuza Body LanguageHumilityPrivacyAvoidance of Public ConfrontationHonor the ElderlyIndirectness"Face"Provocation and "Face"GuanxiStreet Cops and GuanxiGossip is GoodBeeper/Pager NumbersStreet NegotiationsShake Hands Only with Older Recognized Gang Leaders, not with Younger Gang MembersIntimidate Gang Suspects by Sitting Next to ThemForeign Courtesy TermsDon't Use Slang, Parables, or 'Pop' ReferencesObserve and Balance PaybacksAvoid Co-OptionHolidays, Grand Openings, and SurveillanceQuestionable Community TranslatorsCheck Whether the Bunsen Burners are on in the Jewelry StoreAsian NewspapersAsian Public ApologiesFolk Medicine and Alleged Child AbusePassport ProfilesForged U.S. Visas and Altered PassportsPassports, Visas, and Claims of Diplomatic ImmunityDiplomatic Auto License PlatesPerson-to-Person RelationshipsAttitudes and ApplicationsSpeak QuietlyPersonal SpaceDon't TouchSpend Time in the StreetsVisit the TemplesIdentifying Ethnic GroupsGesturesOther Physical "Don'ts"Business CardsApplauseSpittingGreetingsPolite Topics of ConversationSilencePrivacySaying "No"Watch Out for the "Yes" AnswersGet Search Warrants, Not Consent To SearchDo Beat Around the BushRemoving ShoesDon't Push Things Around with Your FeetInterviewing Witnesses, Victims, and MonksAddress Elders FirstMasks and Fingerprint IdentificationNames and Dialect IdentificationAsk Direct and Specific Questions: Information will not be VolunteeredInterviews with Police Are "Doing Business"Get the Specific and Cultural History of the Suspect's Extended FamilySpecial Family NamesCheck Beauty Salon ConnectionsQuietly Check with Dads for Any "Extracurricular Activities"Travel AgentsMarian DaysWives, Concubines, and MistressesThreats of Family Gravesite Desecration in AsiaDo the Victims Understand the Bail System?Hoarding Cash at HomeGreeting Monks, Religious Leaders, and Family EldersUse Quiet Manners with Unfamiliar Religious ObjectsUse an Interpreter with a Monk or Religious LeaderWitnesses and Some Cross-Cultural Aspects of Trials"But Asians Won't Testify"Be a Long-Term FriendAsian FriendshipHome Protection Before TrialDo Not Make Witnesses Lose "Face"Protect Witnesses from GangsSubpoena BlanksAvoid Loudmouthed Clerks or ReportersUse the District Attorney's Explanatory Time for Relevant Cross-Cultural TopicsEducate the Jury About Asian NamesUse PosterboardsSuspect's AppearancesPhotograph their EarsExplain the Uses of Standard Telegraphic Code for Chinese NamesHome Protection After the TrialSuspect's Records and AffiliationsKnow the Suspect's Ethnic BackgroundRecords and Standard Telegraphic CodeGet Three Handwriting Samples of the Suspect's Name in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean CharactersPhoto BooksCheck Local Hair Salons for PhotographsGang MobilityVietnamese Community "Safe Houses"Telephone Record LinksCheck Motel Phone BooksCheck Home Country and Regional ConnectionsCheck Refugee and/or Dialect ConnectionsWomen's Married NamesAliases may be Legitimate"INS" NamesCheck School and Refugee Organization ConnectionsLegal AgesUse INS AgentsVictims ProfilesInterrogating Suspects and Recruiting InformantsAre There Any Significant Differences?Suggested "Do's and Don'ts"Assumptions of Reid Interrogation Across CulturesInterrelations and the Need for Cultural KnowledgeInterrogating Home-Invasion Robbery SuspectsRecruiting InformantsInterrogation and McCarthy's "Gang Crime Magic"Asian Youth GangsWhat is a Gang and Who are Its Members?Why Do Some Youths Become Gang Members?Are Gangs Largely of a Single Ethnic Type?Levels of Adherence to a GangDocumentation for Identifying Gang MembershipGangs as Surrogate "Families"Home-Invasion Robbery Victim's ProfileOrganizational Models and "Pickup" GangsCaucasian "Throw-Away" Gang MembersOn the "Toughness" of Asian Gang MembersNumbers, Gambling, Tattoos, Food,and RegionalismSome Cross-Cultural Crime-Related Aspects of Numbers GamblingTattoos and SlangFood and EatingRegionalism, Anti-Stereotypes, and Role-PlayingETHNIC MINDSETS, PROFILES, AND RELIGIONSContrasting Chinese and American MindsetsAn Introduction to MindsetsThe Importance and Limitations of Cultural GeneralitiesComparative Mindsets: Society, Self, Values, Epistemic Models, Religion, and World ViewsMajor Components of Chinese MindsetsAttitudes About Police Authority vs. the CommunityChinese Shame Culture vs. American Guilt CulturePragmatic ContextualismFaceGuanxiHigh-Context Asian Cultures vs. Police Low-Context CultureFormal Manners and "Paybacks" are ImportantBusiness Contracts, Time, and NegotiationsSuggested Readings: Asian Crime and Cross-Cultural StudiesEthnic Profile: The ChineseIntroduction to the Scope of Chinese CrimeOn Introducing and Summarizing Chinese CulturesPotential Chinese Global Economic PowerA Geographical Sketch of ChinaCultural SketchesFive Deep Cultural Mindsets"Face" (Mian Zi) and Losing "Face" (Diu Lian)Self and Its StatusCollectivism vs. Individualism vs. Chinese Group OrientationGuanxi (Networking): A Key to Chinese SocietyPride in the Ultimate Superiority of Being ChineseIs Reading Chinese Ethnic Strategists Relevant for Police?Chinese Language, Names, and HolidaysThe Chinese LanguageChinese NamesChinese Holidays and FestivalsSuggested ReadingsEthnic Profile: The VietnameseAn Introduction to the Scope of Vietnamese CrimeA Geographical and Historical SketchCultural SketchesTwo Deeper Cultural Mindsets: Village Mentality and TimeNames, Language, and ScriptsHolidays and CalendarsMarian Days: Carthage, MissouriSuggested ReadingsAsian Buddhism and Chinese ConfucianismA Brief Comparative IntroductionChinese ConfucianismTaoism (Daoism): The Internal Chinese CounterbalanceBuddhismBuddhist Contextual Pragmatism and TruthRECORDING, PRESERVING, TRAINING, AND PLANNINGStandard Telegraphic Code (STC)What is STC?Why Should STC Be Used? A Hong Kong ExampleTranslation vs. TransliterationThe Importance of the World Order of Chinese NamesCommon Surnames, Personal Names, and Brother NamesAn Example from the STC Code BookThe Problem of Nicknames and SuffixesAsian Police Transliterations/RomanizationsThe Absence of Materials and Training SourcesReference MaterialsPreserving the Cross-Cultural Skills Police Already PossessThe Unnoticed Pressures on Asian-American OfficersSupplementing the Planning of Criminal Justice and In-Service Training ProgramsA Criminal Justice Prejudice? Cross-Cultural Studies Belong to Social ScienceCommunity Policing and Cross-Cultural Training ProgramsAfterwordAppendix A: Chinese Triads, Triad Organizations, and Triad Relationships, Prepared by George F. Harkin, Senior Federal Intelligence AnalystAppendix B: Common Chinese Surnames and Notes on Chinese Language and Dialects, Prepared by Robert M. Hearn, Senior Federal Intelligence AnalystAppendix C: Guanxi: An Important Concept for the Law Enforcement Office, Prepared by M. Cordell Hart, Senior Intelligence Analyst, Financial Crimes Enforceme
