A Brief on Tensor Analysis

There are three changes in the second edition. First, with the help of readers and colleagues-thanks to all-I have corrected typographical errors and made minor changes in substance and style. Second, I have added a fewmore Exercises,especially at the end ofChapter4.Third, I have appended a section on Differential Geometry, the essential mathematical tool in the study of two-dimensional structural shells and four-dimensional general relativity. JAMES G. SIMMONDS vii Preface to the First Edition When I was an undergraduate, working as a co-op student at North Ameri­ can Aviation, I tried to learn something about tensors. In the Aeronautical Engineering Department at MIT, I had just finished an introductory course in classical mechanics that so impressed me that to this day I cannot watch a plane in flight-especially in a turn-without imaging it bristling with vec­ tors. Near the end of the course the professor showed that, if an airplane is treated as a rigid body, there arises a mysterious collection of rather simple­ looking integrals called the components of the moment of inertia tensor.

I Introduction: Vectors and Tensors.- Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space.- Directed Line Segments.- Addition of Two Vectors.- Multiplication of a Vector v by a Scalar ?.- Things That Vectors May Represent.- Cartesian Coordinates.- The Dot Product.- Cartesian Base Vectors.- The Interpretation of Vector Addition.- The Cross Product.- Alternative Interpretation of the Dot and Cross Product. Tensors.- Definitions.- The Cartesian Components of a Second Order Tensor.- The Cartesian Basis for Second Order Tensors.- Exercises.- II General Bases and Tensor Notation.- General Bases.- The Jacobian of a Basis Is Nonzero.- The Summation Convention.- Computing the Dot Product in a General Basis.- Reciprocal Base Vectors.- The Roof (Contravariant) and Cellar (Covariant) Components of a Vector.- Simplification of the Component Form of the Dot Product in a General Basis.- Computing the Cross Product in a General Basis.- A Second Order Tensor Has Four Sets of Components in General.- Change of Basis.- Exercises.- III Newton’s Law and Tensor Calculus.- Rigid Bodies.- New Conservation Laws.- Nomenclature.- Newton’s Law in Cartesian Components.- Newton’s Law in Plane Polar Coordinates.- The Physical Components of a Vector.- The Christoffel Symbols.- General Three-Dimensional Coordinates.- Newton’s Law in General Coordinates.- Computation of the Christoffel Symbols.- An Alternative Formula for Computing the Christoffel Symbols.- A Change of Coordinates.- Transformation of the Christoffel Symbols.- Exercises.- IV The Gradient, the Del Operator, Covariant Differentiation, and the Divergence Theorem.- The Gradient.- Linear and Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems.- The Del Operator.- The Divergence, Curl, and Gradient of a Vector Field.- The Invariance of ? · v, ? × v, and ?v.- The Covariant Derivative.- The Component Forms of ? · v, ? × v, and ?v.- The Kinematics of Continuum Mechanics.- The Divergence Theorem.- Differential Geometry.- Exercises.