Open Pit Mine Planning and Design, Two Volume Set & CD-ROM Pack Planning & Design

Building on the success of its 2006 predecessor, this 3rd edition of Open Pit Mine Planning and Design has been both updated and extended, ensuring that it remains the most complete and authoritative account of modern open pit mining available. Five new chapters on unit operations have been added, the revenues and costs chapter has been substantially revised and updated, and the references have been brought fully up to date. In addition, the pack now also includes a fully working version of the MicroMODEL mine planning software package. Volume 1 deals with the fundamental concepts involved in the planning and design of open pit mines. Subjects covered are mine planning, mining revenues and costs, orebody description, geometrical considerations, pit limits, production planning, mineral resources and ore reserves, responsible mining, rock blasting, rotary drilling, shovel loading, haulage trucks and machine availability and utilization. Volume 2 includes CSMine and MicroMODEL, user-friendly mine planning and design software packages developed specifically to illustrate the practical application of the involved principles. It also comprises the CSMine and MicroMODEL tutorials and user’s manuals and eight orebody case examples, including drillhole data sets for performing a complete open pit mine evaluation. Open Pit Mine Planning and Design is an excellent textbook for courses in surface mine design, open pit design, geological and excavation engineering, and in advanced open pit mine planning and design. The principles described apply worldwide. In addition, the work can be used as a practical reference by professionals. The step-by-step approach to mine design and planning offers a fast-path approach to the material for both undergraduate and graduate students. The outstanding software guides the student through the planning and design steps, and the eight drillhole data sets allow the student to practice the described principles on different mining properties (three copper properties, three iron properties and two gold properties). The well-written text, the large number of illustrative examples and case studies, the included software, the review questions and exercises and the reference lists included at the end of each chapter provide the student with all the material needed to effectively learn the theory and application of open pit mine planning and design.

1 MINE PLANNING 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The meaning of ore 1.1.2 Some important definitions 1.2 Mine development phases 1.3 An initial data collection checklist 1.4 The planning phase 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 The content of an intermediate valuation report 1.4.3 The content of the feasibility report 1.5 Planning costs 1.6 Accuracy of estimates 1.6.1 Tonnage and grade 1.6.2 Performance 1.6.3 Costs 1.6.4 Price and revenue 1.7 Feasibility study preparation 1.8 Critical path representation 1.9 Mine reclamation 1.9.1 Introduction 1.9.2 Multiple-use management 1.9.3 Reclamation plan purpose 1.9.4 Reclamation plan content 1.9.5 Reclamation standards 1.9.6 Surface and ground water management 1.9.7 Mine waste management 1.9.8 Tailings and slime ponds 1.9.9 Cyanide heap and vat leach systems 1.9.10 Landform reclamation 1.10 Environmental planning procedures 1.10.1 Initial project evaluation 1.10.2 The strategic plan 1.10.3 The environmental planning team 1.11 A sample list of project permits and approvals References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 2 MINING REVENUES AND COSTS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Economic concepts including cash flow 2.2.1 Future worth 2.2.2 Present value 2.2.3 Present value of a series of uniform contributions 2.2.4 Payback period 2.2.5 Rate of return on an investment 2.2.6 Cash flow (CF) 2.2.7 Discounted cash flow (DCF) 2.2.8 Discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) 2.2.9 Cash flows, DCF and DCFROR including depreciation 2.2.10 Depletion 2.2.11 Cash flows, including depletion 2.3 Estimating revenues 2.3.1 Current mineral prices 2.3.2 Historical price data 2.3.3 Trend analysis 2.3.4 Econometric models 2.3.5 Net smelter return 2.3.6 Price-cost relationships 2.4 Estimating costs 2.4.1 Types of costs 2.4.2 Costs from actual operations 2.4.3 Escalation of older costs 2.4.4 The original O’Hara cost estimator 2.4.5 The updated O’Hara cost estimator 2.4.6 Detailed cost calculations 2.4.7 Quick-and-dirty mining cost estimates 2.4.8 Current equipment, supplies and labor costs References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 3 OREBODY DESCRIPTION 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mine maps 3.3 Geologic information 3.4 Compositing and tonnage factor calculations 3.4.1 Compositing 3.4.2 Tonnage factors 3.5 Method of vertical sections 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Procedures 3.5.3 Construction of a cross-section 3.5.4 Calculation of tonnage and average grade for a pit 3.6 Method of vertical sections (grade contours) 3.7 The method of horizontal sections 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Triangles 3.7.3 Polygons 3.8 Block models 3.8.1 Introduction 3.8.2 Rule-of-nearest points 3.8.3 Constant distance weighting techniques 3.9 Statistical basis for grade assignment 3.9.1 Some statistics on the orebody 3.9.2 Range of sample influence 3.9.3 Illustrative example 3.9.4 Describing variograms by mathematical models 3.9.5 Quantification of a deposit through variograms 3.10 Kriging 3.10.1 Introduction 3.10.2 Concept development 3.10.3 Kriging example 3.10.4 Example of estimation for a level 3.10.5 Block kriging 3.10.6 Common problems associated with the use of the kriging technique 3.10.7 Comparison of results using several techniques References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 4 GEOMETRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic bench geometry 4.3 Ore access 4.4 The pit expansion process 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Frontal cuts 4.4.3 Drive-by cuts 4.4.4 Parallel cuts 4.4.5 Minimum required operating room for parallel cuts 4.4.6 Cut sequencing 4.5 Pit slope geometry 4.6 Final pit slope angles 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Geomechanical background 4.6.3 Planar failure 4.6.4 Circular failure 4.6.5 Stability of curved wall sections 4.6.6 Slope stability data presentation 4.6.7 Slope analysis example 4.6.8 Economic aspects of final slope angles 4.7 Plan representation of bench geometry 4.8 Addition of a road 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 Design of a spiral road – inside the wall 4.8.3 Design of a spiral ramp – outside the wall 4.8.4 Design of a switchback 4.8.5 The volume represented by a road 4.9 Road construction 4.9.1 Introduction 4.9.2 Road section design 4.9.3 Straight segment design 4.9.4 Curve design 4.9.5 Conventional parallel berm design 4.9.6 Median berm design 4.9.7 Haulage road gradients 4.9.8 Practical road building and maintenance tips 4.10 Stripping ratios 4.11 Geometric sequencing 4.12 Summary References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 5 PIT LIMITS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Hand methods 5.2.1 The basic concept 5.2.2 The net value calculation 5.2.3 Location of pit limits – pit bottom in waste 5.2.4 Location of pit limits – pit bottom in ore 5.2.5 Location of pit limits – one side plus pit bottom in ore 5.2.6 Radial sections 5.2.7 Generating a final pit outline 5.2.8 Destinations for in-pit materials 5.3 Economic block models 5.4 The floating cone technique 5.5 The Lerchs-Grossmann 2-D algorithm 5.6 Modification of the Lerchs-Grossmann 2-D algorithm to a 2½-D algorithm 5.7 The Lerchs-Grossmann 3-D algorithm 5.7.1 Introduction 5.7.2 Definition of some important terms and concepts 5.7.3 Two approaches to tree construction 5.7.4 The arbitrary tree approach (Approach 1) 5.7.5 The all root connection approach (Approach 2) 5.7.6 The tree ‘cutting’ process 5.7.7 A more complicated example 5.8 Computer assisted methods 5.8.1 The RTZ open-pit generator 5.8.2 Computer assisted pit design based upon sections References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 6 PRODUCTION PLANNING 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Some basic mine life – plant size concepts 6.3 Taylor’s mine life rule 6.4 Sequencing by nested pits 6.5 Cash flow calculations 6.6 Mine and mill plant sizing 6.6.1 Ore reserves supporting the plant size decision 6.6.2 Incremental financial analysis principles 6.6.3 Plant sizing example 6.7 Lane’s algorithm 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Model definition 6.7.3 The basic equations 6.7.4 An illustrative example 6.7.5 Cutoff grade for maximum profit 6.7.6 Net present value maximization 6.8 Material destination considerations 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 The leach dump alternative 6.8.3 The stockpile alternative 6.9 Production scheduling 6.9.1 Introduction 6.9.2 Phase scheduling 6.9.3 Block sequencing using set dynamic programming 6.9.4 Some scheduling examples 6.10 Push back design 6.10.1 Introduction 6.10.2 The basic manual steps 6.10.3 Manual push back design example 6.10.4 Time period plans 6.10.5 Equipment fleet requirements 6.10.6 Other planning considerations 6.11 The mine planning and design process – summary and closing remarks References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 7 REPORTING OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND ORE RESERVES 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The JORC code – 2004 edition 7.2.1 Preamble 7.2.2 Foreword 7.2.3 Introduction 7.2.4 Scope 7.2.5 Competence and responsibility 7.2.6 Reporting terminology 7.2.7 Reporting – General 7.2.8 Reporting of exploration results 7.2.9 Reporting of mineral resources 7.2.10 Reporting of ore reserves 7.2.11 Reporting of mineralized stope fill, stockpiles, remnants, pillars, low grade mineralization and tailings 7.3 The CIM best practice guidelines for the estimation of mineral resources and mineral reserves – general guidelines 7.3.1 Preamble 7.3.2 Foreword 7.3.3 The resource database 7.3.4 Geological interpretation and modeling 7.3.5 Mineral resource estimation 7.3.6 Quantifying elements to convert a Mineral Resource to a Mineral Reserve 7.3.7 Mineral reserve estimation 7.3.8 Reporting 7.3.9 Reconciliation of mineral reserves 7.3.10 Selected references References and bibliography Review questions and exercises 8 RESPONSIBLE MINING 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 8.3 TheWorld Conservation Strategy (WCS) – 1980 8.4 World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) 8.5 The ‘Earth Summit’ 8.5.1 The Rio Declaration 8.5.2 Agenda 21 8.6 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) 8.7 Mining industry and mining industry-related initiatives 8.7.1 Introduction 8.7.

William Hustrulid studied Minerals Engineering at the University of Minnesota. After obtaining his Ph.D. degree in 1968, his career has included responsible roles in both mining academia and in the mining business itself. He has served as Professor of Mining Engineering at the University of Utah and at the Colorado School of Mines and as a Guest Professor at theTechnical University in Luleå, Sweden. In addition, he has held mining R&D positions for companies in the USA, Sweden, and the former Republic of Zaire. He is a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and a Foreign Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA). He currently holds the rank of Professor Emeritus at the University of Utah and manages Hustrulid Mining Services in Spokane,Washington. Mark Kuchta studied Mining Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines and received his Ph.D. degree from the Technical University in Luleå, Sweden. He has had a wide-ranging career in the mining business. This has included working as a contract miner in the uranium mines of western Colorado and 10 years of experience in various positions with LKAB in northern Sweden. At present, Mark is an Associate Professor of Mining Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines. He is actively involved in the education of future mining engineers at both undergraduate and graduate levels and conducts a very active research program. His professional interests include the use of high-pressure waterjets for rock scaling applications in underground mines, strategic mine planning, advanced mine production scheduling and the development of user-friendly mine software. Randall K. “Randy” Martin studied Metallurgical Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines and later received a Master of Science in Mineral Economics from Mines. He has over thirty years of experience as a geologic modeler and mine planner, having worked for Amax Mining, Pincock, Allen & Holt, and Tetratech. Currently he serves as Presidentof R.K. Martin and Associates, Inc. His company performs consulting services, and also markets and supports a variety of software packages which are used in the mining industry. He is the principal author of the MicroMODEL® software included with this textbook.