Preface Foreword List of contributors 1 Improving livelihoods in rainfed areas through integrated watershed management: A development perspective 1.1 Introduction and overview 1.2 The semi-arid tropics and the importance of rainfed farming 1.3 The objectives of watershed management 1.4 The main experience 1.5 Understanding the nature of rural poverty 1.5.1 Landlessness 1.5.2 Women 1.5.3 Subsistence 1.5.4 Debt and awareness 1.5.5 Health 1.5.6 Human rights 1.5.7 Environment 1.5.8 Trends 1.5.9 Assistance 1.5.10 Equity and inclusion 1.5.11 Migration 1.5.12 Case study 1.5.13 Indicators of progress 1.6 Four stages to pull a rural community out of poverty 1.6.1 The Process 1.6.1.1 Stage 1 1.6.1.2 Stage 2 1.6.1.3 Stage 3 1.6.1.4 Stage 4 1.6.2 Recent improvements 1.6.3 Community resource centers 1.6.4 Income-generating activities 1.6.5 Second generation interventions: market links 1.6.6 Duration of support and coordination 1.6.7 Better use of the NGOs as collaborators or implementers 1.7 Aspects of the process of watershed implementation 1.7.1 Management of watershed 1.7.2 Groups and Jankars 1.7.3 Savings, loans, and credit 1.7.4 Literacy and numeracy 1.7.5 Expenditure 1.7.6 Land ownership 1.7.7 Spread and dissemination 1.7.8 Lack of spread of locally successful watershed interventions in India 1.7.9 Sustainability 1.7.10 Subsidies and cost contributions 1.8 Technology for the poor 1.8.1 General principles 1.8.1.1 Participatory varietal selection (PVS) 1.8.1.2 Client oriented breeding 1.8.1.3 Seed priming 1.8.1.4 Technologies for women 1.8.1.5 Soil conservation 1.8.1.6 Soil fertility 1.8.1.7 Crop pest control 1.8.1.8 Renewable energy technologies 1.8.1.9 Community empowerment 1.8.2 Water 1.8.3 Trees 1.8.4 Livestock and fodder 1.8.5 Aquaculture 1.9 Future research needs 1.10 Concluding remarks and way forward References 2 Watershed development as a growth engine for sustainable development of rainfed areas 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A concept of safe operating space for humanity 2.3 Current status of rainfed agriculture 2.4 Vast potential to increase crop yields in rainfed areas 2.5 Improved water productivity is a key to unlock the potential of rainfed agriculture 2.6 Water alone cannot do it 2.7 Integrated watershed management is key for sustainable management of land and water resources and improved livelihoods References 3 Watershed development for rainfed areas: Concept, principles, and approaches 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Watershed concept 3.3 Importance of land use planning in watershed development 3.4 Criteria for prioritization of watersheds 3.5 Common features of the watershed development model 3.6 Evolution of watershed development approach in India 3.7 Need for a holistic approach for watershed management 3.8 Evolution of the consortium approach 3.9 Components of integrated watershed management 3.9.1 Entry Point Activity 3.9.2 Land and water conservation practices 3.9.3 Integrated pest and nutrient management 3.9.4 Farmers’ participatory research and development trials 3.9.5 Crop diversification and intensification of crops and systems 3.9.6 Use of multiple resources 3.9.7 Capacity building 3.10 Key features of facilitating the consortium approach 3.10.1 Need for a common goal – team building 3.10.2 Building on the strengths 3.10.3 Institutionalization of partnerships 3.10.4 Internal and external institutional arrangements 3.10.5 Dynamic and evolving 3.10.6 Scaling-up/out the approach 3.11 Advantages of consortium approach 3.11.1 Sustainability 3.11.2 Cost-effectiveness 3.11.3 Win-win solution through empowerment of partners 3.11.4 Rapid scaling-up 3.11.5 Change in organizational behavior 3.11.6 Public-private partnerships are facilitated (multiplier effect) 3.12 Learnings from the experience and triggers for success 3.13 Operationalizing community watershed as a growth engine 3.14 Watershed as an entry point to improve livelihoods 3.15 Convergence in watershed 3.16 Multiple benefits from integrated watershed development 3.17 Conclusions References 4 Equity in watershed development: Imperatives for property rights, resource allocation, and institutions 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The context 4.1.2 Exclusion of landless and women: Role of CPLRs 4.1.3 Groundwater and equity 4.1.4 Project-based equity 4.1.5 Linkages between technology, allocation of funds, and institutions: The issue of mode 4.1.6 Equity in policy and guidelines 4.1.7 Objectives and approach 4.2 Equity, property rights, and biophysical characteristics 4.2.1 Equity and property relations in land and water 4.2.1.1 Historically embedded inequalities in access to land and water 4.2.1.2 Land: Domains of ownership 4.2.1.3 Ownership, land use, and CPLR 4.2.1.4 Ownership and landlessness 4.2.2 Water: Availability and increasing water scarcity 4.2.2.1 Property relations in water 4.2.2.2 Water is a local and non-local resource 4.2.2.3 Spatial or location inequities 4.2.2.4 How do the biophysical characteristics actually play out? 4.2.3 Water is a common pool resource and has competing uses 4.2.3.1 The meeting of property relations and the biophysical characteristics 4.2.3.2 Watershed also creates conditions for a positive sum game 4.2.4 Efforts to address equity 4.2.4.1 Equity in coverage 4.2.4.2 Targeted approach 4.2.4.3 Common lands 4.2.4.4 Equitable sharing of increased water 4.2.4.5 Produce sharing arrangements 4.2.4.6 Attempts at risk proofing/pooling and sharing arrangements 4.2.5 Main observations 4.3 Funds allocation and subsidies 4.3.1 Nature of watershed treatments among sample villages 4.3.2 Perceived benefits: Sources and beneficiaries 4.3.3 Total number of beneficiaries: Some approximation 4.3.4 Distribution of subsidies and alternative mechanisms 4.3.5 Overall evidence 4.4 Equity and institutions 4.4.1 Criticality of institutional process for equity in watershed 4.4.2 Institutional challenges: Learning from the CPR literature 4.4.3 Institutions within WDPs: Provisions in various guidelines 4.4.4 Learning from the past experience: Taking stock 4.4.4.1 Participatory processes: A larger view 4.4.4.2 SHGs and user groups: A tool for equity 4.4.4.3 CPLRs and institutions 4.4.5 Examples of good practices 4.4.5.1 Streamlining equity consideration: Case of CWDP-Orissa 4.4.5.2 Public-private collaboration for forest development in watersheds: A case of IGWDP in Ahmednagar district 4.4.5.3 Sujala watershed and social regulations 4.4.6 Main observations 4.5 Gender mainstreaming 4.5.1 Enhancing women’s participation and mainstreaming of women SHGs 4.5.2 Promotion of micro-enterprises 4.5.3 Institutional challenges 4.6 Policy implications and way forward 4.6.1 Multi-pronged approach 4.6.2 Policy recommendation 4.6.3 Way forward References 5 Policies and institutions for increasing benefits of integrated watershed management programs 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Integrated watershed management program in India 5.3 Policy endorsement at macro level 5.4 Watershed development guidelines 5.4.1 The new common guidelines 5.5 Institutional arrangements for watershed development 5.5.1 National Rainfed Area Authority 5.5.2 Central Level Nodal Agency 5.5.3 State Level Nodal Agency 5.5.4 District Watershed Development Unit 5.5.5 Project implementing agency 5.5.6 Watershed Committee 5.5.7 Self-help groups 5.5.8 User groups 5.6 Promoting closer institutional links 5.7 Dealing with policy and institutional constraints 5.7.1 Collective action 5.7.2 Bottom-up approach 5.7.3 Capacity building 5.7.4 Knowledge-based Entry Point Activity 5.7.5 Empowering women and vulnerable groups 5.8 Sustainable watershed management: Role of common guidelines 5.8.1 Institutional responsibilities 5.8.2 Delegation of power to the states 5.8.3 Dedicated institutions 5.8.4 Convergence 5.8.5 Consortium approach 5.8.6 Addressing equity 5.8.7 Project management 5.8.9 Post-project sustainability 5.9 Operationalizing policies 5.10 Conclusions References 6 Application of new science tools in integrated watershed management for enhancing impacts 6.1 Introductio
